Introduction There are two views on the concept of form. The first one looks at form versus content. Based on this old point of view, form or aspect is the shape and content is the performance of a phenomenon. On the other hand, according to the second perspective, form represents the aspect, structure, and the way content is developed, visualized, and expressed. From this standpoint, aesthetics is defined as emotional, obvious, and sensory presentation of a phenomenon which exposes itself to...

Introduction By the urbanism expansion and population increases, one of the most important topics is the optimum management of produced residue. Today, in addition to the rapid growth of urbanism, increasing in income level and welfare of the society and rapid economic and social growth in countries, which cause quantity changes in waste production, changes in consumption patterns has led to quality changes. Integrated solid waste management (ISWM) is a term that is used for all of the activi...

Introduction The pattern of land use leading in villages has being provided by various guidelines and within their framework of physical development. But it has been affected by the mutual relations (metropolis and village) in villages around metropolises, and the development pattern of land use of such villages will be influenced by metropolises. Therefore, the expansion of city of Rasht, as well as many metropolises, has being made to create full domain changes in different fields of su...

Introduction  Coal  is a predominantsource of global energy; at present in India it is major source of electrical energy in thermal power plants, which produce 175 milliontonnes per year fly  ash, which would require about 40,000 hectares of land for the construction of ash ponds (Lalet al., 2012). Fly ash an amorphous ferroalumino silicate,  Physically fly ash occurs as fine particles (60-70%) with a size below 0.075mm is a byproduct of pulverized coal fir...

Introduction In India despite recent progress in industrlization, the soundness of economy is significantly dependant upon the gross production of agricultural commodities and agriculture is the mainstay of millions of teeming population with crops pre-dominantly dependant upon natural rainfall. Excepting the south-eastern part of the peninsula and Jammu and Kashmir, the south west monsoon (June – Sept.) is the principle source of rain in the entire country.  During monsoon...

Introduction Water is the prime requirement for the existence of life and thus it has been man’s endeavor for the time immemorial to utilize the available resources. Water is a ubiquitous chemical substance that is composed of hydrogen and oxygen and is vital for all known forms of life. In typical usage, water refers only to its liquid from or state, but the substance also has a solid state, ice, and a gaseous state, water vapor or stream. Watercovers 71 % of the earth’...

Introduction Arsenic compounds are common contaminants in the environment. Because of arsenic toxicity and inducedcarc inogenetic agents(Eblin et al.,2006; Hughes.,2002), higher arsenic concentration in the environment represents serious problems for human health, especially for populations in Bangladesh, Western Bengal, Vietnam,China, Mexico and Chile. The danger of elevated arsenic concentration in waters in these countries was under lined by WHO, which estimated the recommended limit for a...

Introduction Today, all nations came to the conclusion that due to the need to communicate community groups with each other and social interaction, and the right of presence of all people in all urban areas, it is necessary keep justice in the design and planning of urban spaces. Activities and human behavior in urban spaces are shaped by social and cultural relations with other human beings in this area, so, the realm of justice for all age groups, sex, race, etc., are an important issue. It...

Introduction Land cover refers to surface cover on ground which includes vegetation, settlements, water base soil etc. Delineating and mapping land cover is important for global monitoring system, resource management and planning activities. Identification of land cover provides the baseline from which monitoring activities (change detection) can be performed, and provides the ground cover information for baseline thematic maps. Coastal areas, being favourable on biophysical and climatic cond...

Introduction City is alive, dynamic and in growing. Cities are growing with several factors associated with an increased population and develop with more important factors including resources. The population growth of cities and urban areas require new structural elements, tailored to the needs of the Iranian urban population in recent decades because of industrialization and modernity with nostalgia modeling of Western society. This phenomenon can be seen as a more acute in metropolitan Tehr...

Introduction Mankind from the beginning until now has been grappling with a variety of natural events and have grown between threat sand often irreversible damage have entered because of crisis caused by the invasions on human society. In all countries,especially developing countries, the in creasing pace of urbanization continues and it is as a threat to the irhigh damage in the even to fnatural disasters or invasions.Uncontrolled growth of urban population without coordination with the deve...

Introduction The subject of the passive defense has the age of human being. Early humans sheltered in caves, above the trees, and other natural shelters to protect themselves from wild animals attack and other enemies and also to allay concerns. With the form of early civilization in the world that are associated with invasiveness, human, distributed the basics of passive defense by armor and shields to individual protect and strong and high castles, towers to provide security for the people....

Introduction The demand for water has been on the increase because its uses have become more varied.Water is indispensable in man’s activities. The sources of water for usage include river, stream, lakes, ponds, rain water and groundwater such as spring water, well water, boreholes etc. In the Northern part of Nigeria, subject to the arid conditions, there has been tremendous progress in irrigation development programmes (Ahmed and Tanko, 2000). Benue State is located in the North C...

Introduction Geotourism is a branch of tourism as a new term recently used in tourism campaign of countries. Wherever one goes is on the earth, every part of the earth has its geological unique attractions, referring to the tourism based on geologic resources. Geotourism formation in the second half of the twentieth century is a new type of human activities associated with nature and its exploitation. The practical aspects of Geosciences in relation to tourism have resulted in formation of te...

Introduction Tourism is the main factor for sustainable development in the economic, social, cultural and environmental levels (Papoli Yazdi & Saqaei, 2006). Recently, tourism industry has found a wide approach to ecotourism. By its inherent objectives, that is environment protection, commitment to local communities and respect for cultural characteristics of the host community, Ecotourism is a plan option with most consistency with the concept of sustainable development (Ghazi &a...

Introduction Pseudomonas is a genus of gram negative, nonspore forming, rod-shaped bacteria. They are commonly found in soil, water and decaying matter and including some species that are plant and animal pathogens. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a typical example of double assessment; in a clinical environment, it is one of the most significant  opportunistic  pathogenic bacteria and is responsible for the majority of nosocomial infections.1 However, in the fie...

Introduction Significant increased in productivity of livestock sector have contributed significantly to Malaysian economy. The livestock sector has been gaining increased attention of entrepreneurs for profiting from livestock farming. Populationof livestocks in developing countries has increased at the rate of 3% for the past two decades; and expected to further increase until 2020.1 Nevertheless, an increase in livestock farming has given rise to odour pollution phenomenon.2&n...

Introduction In developing countries the problem of indoor air pollution is increasing at an alarming rate. In rural areas of India, the most important indoor air pollutants are combustion products of unprocessed solid biomass fuels used by the poor rural folk for domestic cooking (ICMR Bulletin, 2001). Approximately half of the world’s population and up to 90% of rural households in developing countries still rely on unprocessed biomass fuels such as wood, dung and crop residues (B...

Introduction Climate signals observed over India in the last 100 years show an increasing trend in surface temperature by 0.3°C, a change in the spatial and temporal pattern of rainfall with respect to normal and occurrence of more intense and frequent extreme temperatures.  Climate change has been attributed to alteration in the composition of the global atmosphere due to the growing greenhouse gas emissions on account of the growing human activities and this is in addition ...

Introduction The impact of climate change on water resources is the subject of much research and debate, with other factors such as over population also influencing the availability of water resources. Drinking water is essential for life. Of concern, is how access to drinkable water will impact on humans. The majority of people on Earth will experience severe pressure with regards to fresh water availability as a consequence of climate change.1 Factors such as climate chang...

Introduction Water is very essential for living beings, and fresh water is finite entity. For managerial point of view, it is very necessary to develop the plan for future perspectives. According to Brundtland Commission's report (Commission and Commission, 1987): Sustainable development means that "development which meets the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs". Sustainability is depends upon t...

Introduction Mole drainage is a temporary method of drainage. There maximum life of Mole drainage is 10- 30 years. Mole drainage alone, on the hand, usually offers a good solution to drainage problems in most clayed soils. Soil loosening by deep ploughing or subsoilingto improve hydraulic conductivity is only justified in situation where mole drainage would be unsuccessful. Drainage is a big problem in vertisolsspecially in the area having rainfall. There are several drainage technologies ava...

Introduction Solid waste and waste water was Collected from “Ganesh Tekadi temple” Nagpur. Generally 500 kg of nirmalya solid waste containingfloral offering, leavesand 200 to 300 lit of “Abishek waste water” which contain milk, sugar and milk products are generate daily at ‘Ganesh Tekadi’. Generated nirmalya waste is collected in bin and transferred to the collection point; from that point waste is collected by NMC vehicles and tran...

Introduction Urban area, with placing the center of the city neighborhoods, as the smallest components inside the city, for achieving optimal management ways of urban communities, are of urban priority programs for the planners. Since, in the division of the city space, urban neighborhoods, are of the smallest organized spaces, so, local communities in cities are the best foci and the workshop of participatory planning and management. Among other categories of institutional, town space, have ...

Introduction Energy sector is the backbone of Malaysia’s economic development striving for high income developed nation, inclusiveness and sustainability by 2020 (KeTTHA 2009; MNRE, 2009; NEAC, 2010a; 2010b). Energy isan essential element for social and economic growth (Haw et al., 2006) and economic competitiveness requires sustainable energy production and consumption (MNRE, 2010). Malaysia’s Green Technology Policy has recognised energy sector as one of the four pillars...

Introduction 17.2 million People in Kenya who constitute about 43 percent of the population have no access clean water. The major factors contributing to this water crisis include rapid population growth, droughts, forest degradation, poor management of water supply and water contamination. This water crisis may worsen as industrial development and population grows as projected if drastic measures are not taken immediately. The water hyacinth menace has further complicated the issue by not on...

Introduction Brewery industry wastewater contains organic waste with pollution levels depend on the beer production process and capacity of water consumption during the process (Olafadehan and Aribike, 2000; Driessen and Vereijken, 2003). One of the wastewater treatment system which is interesting to be developed is a biological treatment using microorganisms. Biological treatment system is suitable for handling beer wastewater containing dissolved and suspended organic matter. This system us...

Introduction Management of solid waste is currently a major challenge in many countries globally (Zafar, M. and Alappat, B.J. 2004; Emmanuel, N. et al. 2013;Joseph, K. et al. 2012). Urbanization, industrialization, housings and population growth are the factors contributing to the increase in generation of solid wastes (Abdul Manaf Bohari, 2006; Wee, S.T. 2006; Moh, Y.C. and Latifah Abd Manaf. 2014). Man various activities compelled increasing consumption of various finite sources (Md. Abdu...

Introduction Mercury utilizing in golden mining could produce waste, which contains mercury and causes environment pollution. Mercury belongs to heavy metal which is toxic to living creatures. Mercury can attack the arrangement of central nervous and causes memory loss, tremors and decreases motion capability. Poisoning causing destruction of a fetus has been detected. Minimata desease in Japan is the example of mercury poisoning.1,2 Mercury as a pollutant in the environment need attention...

Introduction The wastewater pollutants are harmful to environment and public health.The biological decomposition of organics could result in fish kills and foul odours. Waterborne diseases are also eliminated through proper wastewater treatment. There are many pollutantsthat could exhibit toxic effects on aquatic life and the public.The wastewater treatment is removal of contaminants from water in order to decrease the possibility of detrimental in part on the ecosystem including humans (Zhan...

Introduction Water supports life on earth and is an essential commodity for survival of mankind and other living organisms. The development and growth of a nation is closely related to its water resources. When effectively harnessed, the potential for water resources can be enormous. But today, ignoring all these facts, man is indiscriminately polluting water and unknowingly provoking the nature for complex situations. Bhopal, the capital city of Madhya Pradesh and the city of lakes is sit...

Introduction Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is a viscous brown liquid with fine suspended solids at pH between 4 and 51 and a highly polluting wastewater that directly and indirectly contaminates the environment.2 The chemical properties of POME vary widely throughout the year because of mill operations and seasonal cropping.3 Atmospheric methane concentrations incredibly increased by 30% in the last 25 years.4 Net carbon emission from POME is approximately ...

Introduction Understanding of sanitation used by many references had been referring to the definition of sanitation by WHO.1,2 Next was the vision of ecological sanitation, shortly ECOSAN3,4 had extended the term sanitation with pollution prevention. In the context of pollution prevention, the important message was change the mindset of "throw away the waste as soon as possible" to "as much as possible utilizing the waste". In line with EC...

Introduction Water is a necessary element for endurance of living on earth, which contains minerals, essential for humans as well as for earth and aquatic life.1 The availability of good quality water is a necessary feature for preventing diseases and improving quality of life.2 Lakes have long been at the center of human attention. Lakes and surface water reservoirs are the planet’s most important freshwater resources and provide numerous benefits. They are used f...

Introduction  Freshwater resources are under severe and increasing environmental stress. At a global level, two thirds of the withdrawals are used for agriculture and one fourth for industry. By the end of the century, withdrawals for agriculture have increased slightly whereas industrial withdrawals have probably doubled (World watch Institute, 1999).  In India, the major 14 rivers i.e. Ganga, Yamuna, Godavari, Gomti, Kosi, Cauvery, Ravi, Sone, Chenab, Jhelum, Narmada, Mahi...

Introduction Arbuscular Mycorrhizal(AM) fungi interact either directly with other soil organisms or they may influence these organisms indirectly by affecting host physiology that could change root morphology, physiology and patterns of exudation into the mycorrhizosphere. Mycorrhizae form mutualistic symbiotic relationships with plant roots of more than 80% of land plants including many important crops and forest tree species.1, 2 Seven kinds of mycorrhiza: arbutoid mycorrhiza, ecto...

Introduction In Eastern India most of the land holdings are of small category and food production systems are often been risky and relatively of low return due to erratic rainfall. This is expected to worsen in coming decades under climate change.1-2 These smallholders could playan increasingly important role in food production if they had the access of irrigation water.3 The assuredirrigation cold provide ample opportunities to the farmers to invest in high yielding seeds, ...

Introduction The most common heavy metal contaminations found in nature were Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb and Ni. Environmental pollution by these heavy metals has become extensive due to industrial activities and when they go in elevated level in the environment, they are excessively absorbed by roots and translocated to shoot, leading to impaired metabolism and reduced growth. Heavy metal contamination in soil results in decreased soil microbial activity, soil fertility and yield losses. Cad...

Introduction Heavy wind is known to alter the structure and functioning of forest ecosystems, agro-forestry systems and plantations. The intensity and frequency of severe wind events are likely to increase deterioration to the forests. It is important to understand the species and substrate-specific effects of these disturbances. The immediate impacts of tropical cyclones – defoliation, limb loss, snapping of stems and uprooting of trees – have profound impacts on tropical...

Introduction Continuous monitoring and acquisition of knowledge of air pollutants are required not only to assess the air quality in a given location but also to understand and address several environmental issues. Air pollution is one issue of growing environmental concern because of its known adverse human health effects.1,2 Globally every year, 4.6 million people die because of exposure to high level of air pollutants.3 The correlations between exposure to air pollutants ...