Introduction In Mexico,water pollution (as a public health problem)is derived fromthe irregular and deficient sewage system that most of the times affect low-income people, and low social and economic classes; this influences the development of health problems such as diarrhea diseases,1 specialty among children who are under five years old2-6 that is one factor that determines death in this country.1,2,3,4 In Mexico, one etiological agent corresponds to rotavirus (80%), and bacteri...
Introduction Consumption is considered to be central to all production. It is used as an indicator to measure the well-being of individuals and household and to improve the quality of life (Magrabi, 1991). However, without proper management, production along with consumption is the main sources of environmental problems (Haronet al., 2005). The reason for this is that the by-products of most consumption are pollution and a fall in the usefulness of energy materials for future consum...
Introduction The increased use of water resources, unnatural manipulation and changes in river water quality have been increased. In all around the world, human activities have profound effects on rivers and lakes. Rivers are exposed to large amounts of household wastewater, industrial swages, agricultural swages, mine wastes, urban wastewater, radioactive materials, pesticides and numerous other contaminants (Wongsupapa, C., et al., 2009) The first step for keeping river water quality a...
Introduction The growing use of pharmaceuticals such as antibiotics worldwide, classified as the so-called emerging pollutants, has become a new environmental problem, which has raised great concern among scientists in the last few years. Wastewater from cephalosporin antibiotic production has complicated components, where organic substances and soluble or colloid solid substances are all at a high level with a great deal of suspended matter, and pH value varied often, contains biological tox...
Introduction In a world dazzled by scientific discoveries and technological advances leading to better living standards, the negative consequence of such developments are beginning to emerge and come into focus. Microorganisms perform their metabolic processes rapidly and with remarkable specificity under ambient conditions, catalyzed by their diverse enzyme mediated reactions. Enzyme alternatives to harsh chemical technologies has led to intensive exploration of natural microbial biodiversit...
Introduction Trees play a vital role in mitigating the diverse effects of environmental carbon degradation and increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Trees promote sequestration of carbon into soil and plant biomass. Therefore tree based land use practices could be viable alternatives to store atmospheric carbon dioxide due to their cost effectiveness, high potential of carbon uptake and associated environmental as well as social benefits (Dhruw et al., 2009). Increasin...
Introduction Various growth and development models have been evolving since the time of classical economics, but the factors of development and priority issues of a nation vary throughout school of thoughts. The past schools of economic thought gave a due emphasis for economic development marginalizing the non-economic issues. They compromised the trade-off relationship between economic development and natural resource depletion. According to their view, growth is ‘first’ ...
Introduction Global climate change and continues over load of pollution along with effluents from different industries have attracted various researchers to analyse the geochemical studies of river system (Torimanet al., 2009, Gashiet al., 2009). India has ten major river systems among which Yamuna is the largest tributary river of Ganges in north India (Negiet al., 1991).Yamuna nagar (300 6’ N latitude and 770 17’ E longitude) is an important industrial city of Haryana.Al...
Introduction Among the diverse approaches that are possible for modifying polysaccharides, grafting of synthetic polymer is a convenient method to add new properties to a polysaccharide with minimum loss of the initial properties of the substrate. Graft copolymerization of vinyl monomers onto polysaccharides using free radical initiation has attracted the interest of many scientists. Up to now, considerable works have been devoted to the grafting of vinyl monomers onto the substrates, special...
Introduction Cell phone technology is the most common telecommunication in India. Due to its advantages, cell phone technology has grown exponentially in the last some years. Currently there are about 50 Crore cell phone users and 4.4 lakh cell phone towers in India. Radiation emitted from cell phone give a harmful effect on both plants and animals. These are mainly of two types-thermal radiations and non-thermal radiations. Thermal radiations are similar to microwave-oven. Non-thermal radiat...
Introduction Increasing population and anthropogenic activities have brought about many environmental problems globally. One of such problems is land subsidence described as the gradual differential settling or sudden sinking of the ground surface due to the movement of ground materials.1,2 Land subsidence is generally caused by human activities, alterations to the earth’s surface and underground geologic processes. Specific causes include: Underground m...
Introduction Fishes are important animals in ecosystem. They are useful item of human food as well as the source of income. Fishes are important for providing nourishment to poultry and cattle, and also useful for producing a high quality of manure especially for citrus plant, as a source of nitrogen and phosphate. The present study was aimed that determining the intestinal digenetic trematodes found in fishes of Betwa riverof Bundelkhandregion, Jhansi. This paper includes the description of ...
本文报道一新种Phyllodistum Braun, 1899。Phyllodistomum betwaensis sp.n。来自Jhansi Bundelkhand地区Betwa河的Channa punctatus (Bl.)淡水鱼。它与所有早期报道的物种不同的是,吸虫身体呈铲状,背腹平坦;身体前部长而弯曲,后部宽;略弯曲管状食管:腹吸盘卵圆形,大于口腔吸盘
Introduction The contribution of mining to the economy of many countries is enormous. The mining industry contributes much to exports and acts as one of the major sources of employment for mankind. The mining industry is made up of both the large-scale mining and the artisanal and small-scale mining(ASM) sectors. ASM, which is referred to in the Ghanaian parlance as 'galamsey' contributed 23 percent of total gold production in 2010...
8种微量元素镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、铁(Fe)、锌(Zn)、锰(Mn)、铜(Cu)、汞(Hg)和镉(Cd)的浓度;砷(),,,,在沉积物和水中在加纳Amansie West District (6&;deg;28&;prime;N 1&;deg;2011年5月至2011年7月。在
的第5天,随机抽取3个重复的水和沉积物样品Introduction It is not very common to hear states and their leaders criticized for mixing “oil and politics." Oil together with coal and natural gas supply about 88 % of the world's energy needs. Crude oil prices are likely to increase over the long term as fossil reserves diminish and global demand increases, particularly in the newly emerging economies of Asia and Latin America.In view of growing interest for renewable energy sources, liquid bio-energy production ...
Introduction Drought stress is considered as one of the most important environmental factors that causes osmotic stress, limiting plant growth and development. Different pathways can also be affected differently. At the whole plantlevel, the effect of drought stress is usually perceived as a decreasein photosynthesis and growth (Asada, 1997), and is associated with alterationsin C and N metabolism. Furthermore, the imposition of bioticand abiotic stress conditions can give rise to excess conc...
Introduction Biodiversity refers to the variability among living organisms from all sources including inter alia, terrestrial, freshwater and marine aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are the part (Convention on biological diversity, UNEP, 1992). Hosetti (2002) has described it as the library of life, i.e., variety of all genes, species of microorganisms, plants animals and ecosystems that are found on our planet. India has rich biodiversity as it lies at the juncti...
Introduction Sand beaches and sand-bottomed shallow sea areas form important habitat for fishes, shellfishes, shrimps, crabs and the larvae of some insects because these zones are rich in dissolved oxygen, which these species depend upon for respiration.1 Therefore sand beaches are important for fish and biodiversity. In contrast, bays and harbors with vertical sea walls tend to have more bottom sediments and levels of dissolved oxygen that are lower than those found in these shallow...
Introduction Environmental contamination following the use of various pollutants by humans has caused critical environmental problems throughout the world. In Iran, for instance, oil-contaminated soils and waters around oil fields and refineries have turned into major concerns. Oil-based contaminants in soil can threaten human and animal health by either entering the food chain or leaching into groundwater resources (Khan, 2005). The perception of existing environmental problems has led to nu...
Introduction Human being has afallible naturewhose mistakesare inevitable. Thereby, from ancient timespeopleare looking forwaysto reducetheirriskoferrors.In other words, by improving workplace conditions, well-designing the equipment, and adopting appropriate strategies, the risk-generating factors should be minimize as much as possible(Ahmadi 2005b). Prior to 1931, safety experts tend to focus on physical strategies such as machine guards, regardless of discipli...
Introduction Current state of environment is degrading on day to day basis because of increased anthropogenic activities and further disposal of wastesgenerated to land and rivers leading to major pollution of soil and groundwater. The industrial practices also lead to the release of various heavy metals into the soil (Mattigod and Page 1983). Pollution may be defined as the adverse effect caused due to disruption of equilibrium of an ecosystem, which further results an adverse effects on the...
Introduction Anurans having a biphasic life cycle, breed in a variety of water bodies ranging from lentic to lotic water bodies. Anuran tadpoles exhibit structural diversities that are associated with their habitat, foraging behaviour and predator avoidance. The tree frog Polypedates teraiensis is a common rhacophorid breeding between April to August in north east India and is known to deposit eggs in the foam nest. There are at least six species of Polypedates currently recognized in north-e...
Introduction The construction of storage reservoirs is an age old Practice in India. Upper Lake of Bhopal, arguably the oldest among the largest manmade lakes in central part of India, falls under this category. The study area selected was Upper Lake of Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. It is the life line of Bhopal created by Raja Bhoj in eleventh century. The Upper Lake is located between latitude 23º12' - 23º16' N and longitude 77º18' - 77...
Introduction Water is the basic and primary need of all vital life processes. Ever since the pre-historic times, man has been intimately associated with water and the evidences of past civilization that all historic human settlements were developed around inland freshwater resources have conclusively proved it. Even today, it is the major consideration for all socio-economic cultural, industrial and technological developments. Besides drinking, water is also used for fish and aquaculture, irr...
Introduction The biomedical waste which is generated from various types of healthcare facilities and if not managed properly then give rise to considerable environmental pollution. The untreated waste poses significant health risk to patients, visitors, care givers and community as a whole. the waste generated in hospital has been categories in various subtypes like1 of the total waste 85% is non infectious while 10% is infectious and 5% hazardous.2 Development of infec...
Introduction Neem (Azadirachta indicaA.Juss.) tree is very important culturally, medicinally and pesticidally and has gained worldwide recognition for its pharmaceutical and pesticide The Neemtree is a fast growing plant that belongs to mahogany family (Meliaceae)and can reach a height of 15–20 metres, rarely to 35–40 metres. It is evergreen, but in severe drought it may shed most or nearly all of its leaves. The branches are wide and spreading. ...
Introduction All algae are not green and could be observed in a range of colors depending on the dominant pigment in their cells (Imamura et al. 2013). For example, if the chlorophyll a is dominant pigment, then the alga color will tend to green. Orange and red algae contain high level of carotene pigment. Micro-algae are in tow forms of Phytoplankton and Periphyton. Phytoplankton live in water column suspendedly while Periphyton survive through connection to the stones, sediment, s...
Introduction Water is one of man’s most important natural resources. Most living organisms in this biosphere can not survive for long periods without water. As the amount of freshwater on the earth is limited, the importance of surface water quality assessment should be considered. Because of a concern for human health and the habitat of aquatic life, global awareness in the maintenance of a clean water world, many people have come to realize the importance of clean surface water ...
Introduction Around the world the transport sector, which includes automobiles, trucks, trains, ships and aeroplanes is contributing ever increasing shares of the total air pollution burden. The pollution of soils by heavy metals from automobile sources is a serious environmental issue. Results show that roadside soil near motorways is heavily polluted by heavy metals from automobiles.1-2 Changes in the composition of the urban atmosphere are caused largely by traffic induced polluta...
Introduction Healthy soil, clean water and air are the soul of life. Soil, water and air are no longer clean and pure, today pose human health risks. Comprising over 70% of the Earth's surface water is undoubtedly the most precious natural resource that exists on our planet. It is essential for everything on our planet to grow and prosper. Water pollution remains one of the most visible and persistent signs of our impact on the natural world. Gomti river in Lucknow city in India, rece...