Introduction Increasing population and higher levels of human activities including effluent disposals to the surface and groundwater resources have made sustainability of resources a very complex task throughout the world.1 Water is known to contain a large numbers of chemical elements .Physical parameters such as temperature, turbidity and current are also known to operate in Lake Ecosystem. The interaction of both the physical and chemical properties of water plays a significant role in ...

Introduction Aquaculture is growing rapidly world wide with fish being the primary source of animal protein in many countries. The exploitation of human population & the industrial development. Our ecosystem has highly polluted and causing considerable stress to fishes & other aquatic animals. The occurrence of disease outbreaks in aquaculture system can be attributed to a number of reasons. The lack of understanding of intricate balance between the host, pathogen and the...

Introduction Water is the most vital source and one of the precious natural resources of this planet. Due to industrialization and urbanization ground water quality is adversely affected. According to WHO, nearly 80% of all the diseases in human beings are caused by water. Many of the people of Mangalam, near Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh, India are affected by pollution of drinking water. In the present study an attempt was made to assess the quality of ground water and its suitability for dri...

Introduction Water is elixir for the life. Adequate supply of potable water is absolutely essential and is the basic need for all human being on the earth. Attention on water contamination and its management has become a need of the hour due to its far reaching impact on human health.1,2 Ground water quality of open wells as well as bore wells deteriorates to a considerable extent and the water from such sources has high salt contaminations. Ground water acts as reservoir by vir...

Introduction One of the major concerns of many countries today is that there is a mismatch between graduates’ skills, acquired from higher education institutions and the skill sets needed in industry. Many of the current graduates are found to be lacking in creativity, communications skills, analytical and critical thinking, and problem-solving skills. Presently, many institutions are moving towards problem-based learning as a solution to producing graduates who are creative and can...

Introduction Nanoparticle synthesis by green route Any chemical synthesis can be regarded as green synthesis, if it can reduce/ replace the toxic chemical substances in the form of reagents, catalysts used for the process and also by minimizing the steps involved therein, convert the waste into useful form, reduce the solvent used, use water or solvent less process. We can substitute natural or biodegradable substances in place of pure chemical substances such as starch and clay additives ...

Introduction The water quality of pond and dam are deteriorating mainly duetue rapid increasing nearor to these places. deforastration, grazing and removal of vegetation cover in the water shed result in silting of reservoir. The agricultural practices in the catchment area not only increase the siltation problem but are also responsible the addition of large quantites of nutreitonts,pesticites and organic metter. The knowledge of physico-chemichal characterstics of water bodies help in plani...

Introduction The Kaliasote reservoir is situated near the Water and Land Management Institute (WALMI) Bhopal, and was constructed as a storage dam to conserve excess water of Upper Lake, discharged through the Bhadbhada spill gates of the lake for irrigation purposes. The reservoir is having a catchment of 381.38 Km2 and the gross capacity is 35.387 Mecum. The reservoir is also facing the problem of siltation due to rapid change in land use pattern from agriculture to housing. The catchment a...

Introduction Water sources available for drinking and other domestic purposes must possess high degree of purity, free from chemical contamination and microorganisms. Rivers are lifeline of living beings and constitute an integral part of both rural and urban community as a source of drinking water and fish culture. There are 14 major rivers in India that share 83% of the total drainage basin and contribute 85% of the total surface flow. Water used by the consumers must be free from disease c...

Introduction The nature of flora and fauna in any water body is mainly controlled by the fluctuations in the physical and chemical characteristics of its water. Moreover physico-chemical aspects are pre-requistic for the assessment of potentialities and to understand the realities between trophic level food webs. Gho-Manhasan, one of the tributaries of Chenab drainage system before its entry into Pakistan passes through the North of Jammu province. This stream acts as a recipient of variou...

Introduction Solar air heaters have been observed to have generally poor convective heat transfer coefficient from absorber plate to the air. This low heat transfer coefficient results in relatively higher absorber plate temperature leading to higher thermal losses to the environment and hence lower thermal efficiency. It is therefore, necessary to improve convective heat transfer coefficient to increase the thermal efficiency of flat plate solar air heaters. To enhance the thermal efficiency...

Introduction The Kerwa, Kolar and Kaliasote dam are the three main dams of Bhopal city as they are used for various activities like drinking, irrigation, recreational etc. Kolar dam (latitude 22° 57' 37" and longitude 77° 20' 24") is a major masonry dam which is located about 32 km from Bhopal near Lawakhedi village in Sehore District. It is constructed across the Kolar River near Birpur, a tributary of Narmada. The dam is about 45 m high. Thi...

Introduction Water is the most abundant molecule on earth surface, constiuting about 70% of the planets surface. In nature it exists in solid, liquid and gaseous states. At room temperature, it is nearly colourless with a hint of blue, tasteless, and odourless liquid. Many substances dissolve in water and is commonly referred to as the universal solvent. Water usually makes up 55% to 78% of the human body.1,2 In natural water almost all of the hydrogen atoms are of the isotope protiu...

Introduction The electrical conductivity of molten mercury halides had earlier been studied.1 Some reactions can be cited where electrical conductivity had been studied during the reaction.2 Earlier electrical conductivity measurements have been done to show that the crystals prepared are of good crystalline quality.3 In the present work, the pellets of the double halides and their equimolar mixture are made from finely ground powders after putting them in a hydraul...

Introduction Water covers about 70% 0f the earths surface. Although water on earths surface is abundant, 97% water is salty, 2% is solid water and only 1% is available as a fresh water in which ground water accounts for 98%. Water has great importance in the life of living organisms. Economy and health of nation depends upon the quality and quantity of water. Generally urban and rural area peoples are using their own Bore–wells water for drinking and domestic purposes, because relat...

Introduction Hydrogen peroxide is a very strong oxidizer and it burns any organic matter in contact. For instance, if you soak a cotton rag with 90% hydrogen peroxide it burns very quickly. It can react in a hypergolic way if mixed with other chemicals. Thus dilution of H2O2 should be monitored according to the application it is used for H2O2 is used in Industrial scale for the production of organic and inorganic chemicals, as a bleaching agent in Textiles, paper pulp and non-edible ...

Introduction Many solid-solid capillary reactions have been studied during the last many years e.g.1-4 In the studies normally carried out so for, both the solid reactants do not have any impurities. The main motivation of the earlier work, including that of the senior author (R.A.) in this field was to obtain a better understanding of the reaction mechanism of solid-solid reactions eg.2,5 Introduction of simple organic impurities was a step in this direction. While studying the soli...

Introduction Water is second to oxygen as being essential for life. People can survive days, weeks, or even longer without food, but only about few days without water. Water is one of the essential commodities of everyday life and is placed in position just after air. Although it is nature’s abundant gift but most of it is present in oceans (97%) and in the icebergs in the Polar Regions (2%) which are of no use for utilization and the remaining (1%) of all earth’s water, w...

Introduction The increasing concern on environmental protection and the stringent exhaust gas regulation has made the attention on use of vegetable oil as alternate fuel for engines. The use of vegetable oil in compression ignition engine is as old as diesel engine itself. In Rudolph Diesel’s preface to his 1912 patent he wrote that the “Use of vegetable oil for engine fuel may seem insignificant today but such oil may became in coarse of time, as important as petroleum&am...

Introduction Water is the most essential commodity for all living creatures. Organisms can not survive without water. Water is one of the most essential constituents of the human environments. Man needs it, in the first place for his physiological existence. It is used for many purposes e.g. industrial water supply, irrigation, drinking, propagation of fish and other aquatic systems and generation of fish and hydro-powers. Water is the source of energy and governs the evolution and functions ...

Introduction Algae are major producer of organic compounds. It has an important position in aquatic food chain. Since algae indicate the levels of pollution in water bodies as bio indicator and it also helps to determine the quality and conservation of water (Palmer, 1980), but not much attention has been paid with reference to their occurrence and distribution in different lotic and lentic water bodies. India is a land of many rivers. Narmada is prominent river of Madhya Pradesh. It is suppo...

Introduction The law and its implementation plays an important role in evaluation and transformation of social system and hence with the changing needs and hues of the society, there is a need to develop, Singh has pointed out the environmental law and other common laws which related to the protection of the environment and maintain the quality of environment4 According to Tiwari Committee 1980 (First National Committee) set up by the Supreme Court, considered about 200 old laws re...

Introduction The continuously growing paper manufacturing industry imposes a severe demand on green plants that forms the basic raw material of papermaking. Woody and non woody plants are major sources of raw material for making paper. In mill sector, woody perennial trees (hard wood and soft woods) are mainly utilized for papermaking. Apart from these plants, rice straw and wheat straw are also the alternative raw materials for paper industry but the quality of these straw papers is very poo...

Introduction Fresh water contains various micro-organism. The quality (physico-chemical) of water affects to species composition, abundance and productivity of water. Physical and chemical parameters are directly related to micro-organisms and productivity of water bodies. Some organism can survive in a wide range of condition and some are more tolerant to pollution and other are very sensitive to change in conditions and are intolerant to pollution. Generally a large number of flora (algae) ...

Introduction Water and soil pollution due to the use of waste waters are used for irrigation. Industrialization and urbanization make a cosmopolitan problem, creating adverse effects on soil, crops and vegetable plants when waste (effluent) waters are used for (irrigation) cultivation. In the area of northern part of Karnataka state, especially around Jamkhandi of Bagalkot district, where many sugar industries are installed. The industrial effluents are constantly adding up toxic substances i...

Introduction The total population of India is 1210 million on Jan 2011 but as per the Indian census of 2001, there are 638,365 villages in India and about 74% population lives in these villages.8 Those 74% populations use the Chulha to cook the food. Because of the urban facilities are not still available in rural areas, such as drinking water supply, cooking gas supply and electricity supply etc. that are not available in most of the rural areas. The most important activity of Human...

Introduction Formaldehyde, identified as one of the substances causing sick house syndrome, has been used as preservative, fungicide, germicide and disinfectant in hospitals and industries due to its bactericidal action. Formaldehyde is also found in other products such as chemicals, particle board, household products, glues, permanent press fabrics, paper product coatings, fiberboard, and plywood. Use of formaldehyde has raised concern due to its intensive ability to polymerize owing to inad...

Introduction Water is very vital for nature and can be a limiting resource to men and other living beings. Without a well-functioning water supply, it is difficult to imagine productive human activity be it agriculture or livestock. Extensive studies on water quality have been carried out by various workers (Majumdar and Gupta 2000; Dasgupta and Purohit 2001; Khurshid et al., 2002; Sujatha and Reddy 2003; Aravindan et al., 2004, 2010; Sreedevi 2004; Sunitha et al., 2005; Subba Rao 2006, Shank...

Introduction Telfairia Occidentalis is an important staple vegetable grown in Nigeria being known for both its nutritional and medicinal values. It is commonly called fluted pumpkin of the cucurbitaceae family and is known by several common names in Nigeria, namely Ugu (Igbo), iroko or Aporoko (Yoruba), Ubong (Efik), Umee (Urhobo), Umeke (Edo). (Akoroda, 1990) It occurs in the forest zone of West africa, most frequently in Benin, Nigeria and Cameroon. It is a popular vegetable all over Nigeri...

Introduction The most often polluted phases of the environmental are the aquatic system, especially the surface water. This is because contaminants in air, soil or on land ultimately end up in the aquatic systems via local precipitation, water surface run-off and leaching of rocks and solid wastes (Forstner and Wiltman, 1983). Sewage, industrial wastes and agricultural chemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides, mineral and petroleum exploration and exploitation are however, the main causes...

Introduction Waste generally means ‘something unwanted’. Its precise definition and scope however, differs from one country to another (Kaseva and Mbuligwe 2005). Waste is something for which we have no further use and which we wish to get rid. Solid wastes arises from unusable residue in raw materials, leftovers, rejects and scrap from process operations, used or scrap packaging materials and even saleable products themselves when they are finally discarded (Tchobanoglous...