Introduction Narmada-the largest west flowing river of India, originates from eastern Madhya Pradesh at Amarkantak (situated at 20°40’N and 80°45’ E) flows towards west and joins Arabian Sea. During the festivals, mass bathing is performed by pilgrims, which significantly contributes to the pollution load in the river and as a consequence deteriorated the water quality. The study has been carried out to assess the water quality of river water during mass ba...
Introduction The survival, distribution and growth of a species are attributes necessary to build healthy population which depend upon various ecological factors (abiotic and biotic) operating in an ecosystem. Therefore, for understanding adjustibilities & adaptations that an organism has to undertake for successful completion of its life cycle, it is imperative that one makes an inquisite study of organisms and its interaction with environment (Welch, 1952). Several workers who hav...
在本次调查(从2004年3月–2005年2月),查谟大学选择了一个鱼塘,研究水的物理化学性质,以评估其质量。考察了温度、pH、游离二氧化碳、溶解氧(DO)、钙(Ca++)、镁(Mg++)、碳酸盐(CO32-)、碳酸氢盐(HCO3-)和氯化物等理化因素。温度从11℃波动到28℃,pH从7.7到9,DO从7.2 mg/l波动到14
Introduction With its many fold shining aspects, Aurangabad is also world famous for its historical Ellora caves and Mughal emperor Aurangajeb’s Tomb at Khultabad. These places are 33 and 30 km. away respectively from Aurangabad. The ancient town Ellora is situated on the bank of river Yelganga which originates from nearby basaltic mountains of Deccan platue. The location oif Ellora is 20° 00’ N and 75° 10’ E. It is also famous for its pilgrim the...
Introduction Kalingarayan canal of 750 years old travels a distance of about 90 kms from Kalingarayan anicut to Avudayaparai. It is 534 foot above sea level where it originates and its sea level is 412.40 foot where it merges with the Noyyal river. The channel traverses a serpentine route. The survey of land showed that it irrigated an area of 15743 acres. It has been in practice to open its water gates for irrigation for a period of 320 days from June to April every year. Flow of water ...
Introduction Aquatic insects play important role in the aquatic community. They are involved in the mineralization and recycling of organic matter. Bioindicators are organisms employed to assess general toxicity of the environment. These organisms by their presence or absence and in all features of their phenotype and physiology serve as an indicator of environmental status. Thus both the positive and negative facts of the environment can be monitored through biological system. Several biot...
Introduction A few decades ago, water was considered as plentiful and in-expensive resource. But rapid industrialization, urbanization and agricultural development have made it as a scarce resource.3 Contamination of surface water together with economic development have contributed for pollution of surface water. With growing load of population, the situation is worst in India. Availability of surface and ground water is sharply decreasing day by day.12 In many Indian citi...
Introduction Amphibians are ectothermal vertebrates and like other poikilotherms are markedly influenced by seasonal change in temperature and water availability. Rana Tigrina and Bufo Melanostictus are two common Indian anurans. They under go four different phases during their annual biological cycle. Hibernation or winter sleep (Dec.-Feb.) and aestivation or summer torpidity (April-June) are periods of dormancy. During these periods they maintain minimum metabolic activities, practically ...
测定血糖、肝糖原、肌糖原、总血清蛋白和脂肪体。肝糖原在休眠期间较高,在繁殖期间较低。冬眠期间脂肪体质量高,繁殖后期脂肪体质量低。血清蛋白在冬眠期和夏眠期较高,在繁殖期和繁殖后期较低
Introduction Global warming has often been described as one of the most serious environmental problems ever to confront humanity as this problem is inextricably linked to the process of development and economic growth it self. Since greenhouse gases are generated by burning fossil fuels as in power plants, factories and automobiles, it is not easy to reduce emissions, since virtually every facet of our lives as intimately tied to the consumption of energy. Climate change is an unusually dif...
Introduction The contribution of heavy metals and their ions to water pollution is a very serious problem, largely because the physiological effects of some of them may be dangerous even at concentrations that are extremely low. Waste water containing heavy metal ion mainly originates from metal processing industries, chemical industries and other industrial processes.1,2,3 In recent years considerable attention has been devoted to the study of different types of low cost material2,4,5 s...
Introduction Aurangabad District is located mainly in Godavari Basin and its some part towards North West of Tapi River Basin. This District’s general down level is towards South and East and North West part comes in Purna –Godavari river basin. The Aurangabad district’s North Longitude ( Degree) is 19 and 20 and East Longitude (Degree ) is 74 to 76. Aurangabad is a success story of MIDCs efforts towards a balanced industrialization of the state. A city with...
Introduction With the increasing of population quantity as well as industry and economy developing, the output of the municipal solid wastes (MSW) has been increasing. At present, the output of MSW has been exceeded a hundred million tons in most cities In fact, the MSW output has been increasing at 10% each year and now it has been accumulated gradually to ninety hundreds million tons in the past years. Most cities have been surrounded by the MSW ( Zhao & Liu 2005), Because the cal...
Introduction Zooplankton, the microscopic faunal component of lotic and lentic waters serve as an important interlace in the food chain or energy transfer operating in an aquatic ecosystem. Their importance in fishery as live and natural feed for early larval stages is immense. Infact, non availability of right kind of live food at critical period, when fish larvae shift from endogenous to exogenous feeding is responsible for major part of fish biopotential loss (Nikolsky, 1963). This loss ...
Introduction Water is one of the most vital components on earth not only essential for life but also for total well balanced of environmental system. Groundwater forms a major source of drinking water. Ground water moves through varied geological environments and during its flow many chemical compounds will be dissolved in it. The modern civilization, industrialisation, urbanisation and increase in population have lead to fast degradation of our ground water quality. As the water is the mos...
Introduction Agriculture on earth is as old as human civilization. Crop production is directly dependent on the availability of mineral elements in soil. In fact the soil system is viewed as a triple phased system of solid, liquid and gaseous phase. All the macro and micro nutrients except C, H and O originate from soil. These nutrients are based in the solid phase and their usual pathway to the plant system is through the surrounding liquid phase, the soil solution and then to plant root and...
Introduction Bihar is chiefly based on agriculture. A major portion of its population is dependent on agriculture. A major portion of the land is irrigated by the Ganga and its tributaries which help in increasing the fertility of land. About 29 lacs hectare of land is utilized for agriculture. The family Cucurbitaceae a tropical family containing 110 genera and 640 sps. In India, the family is represented by 37 genera and 97 species. The chief centre of distribution is in Eastern Himalayas. ...
Introduction Water resources in India have reached a point of crisis due to unplanned urbanization and industrialization (Singh, Pathak, & Singh, 2002). Urban water bodies receiving external pressure from human settlements adversely affect nearby aquatic ecosystems. Urbanization has direct negative impacts on water bodies (Khan, Bhatnagar, & Saxena, 1988). Satna district abounds in minerals like calcium, iron, aluminium and silicon and their concentration in water has been rep...
Introduction Water is the most ubiquitous material of nature and a vital fascination of all God’s creation. In recent years, increasing industrialization, urbanization and developmental activities to cope with the population explosion has given rise to them inevitable waste crisis. Increases in environmental contamination have lead to a progressive deterioration of a qualitative environment. This condition challenges global society and paves way for redemptive measures to reverse ...
Introduction Pralidoxime (2-[(hydroxyimino) methyl]-1-methylpyridin-1-ium) (PRL) and Obidoxime (1, 1'-[oxybis (methylene)]bis{4-[(E)- (hydroxyimino) methyl] pyridinium) (OBD) are used to combat poisioning by organophosphates. Azomethine group containing drugs have been in wide use because of their pharmacokinetic properties (1-3). Several researchers have reported the determination of azomethine group containing drugs. (4-10). Determination of PRL was carried out by HPLC (26). Spect...
研究了普拉利多肟(PRL)和二比多肟(OBD)在悬汞电极(HMDE)上的极谱还原行为,用于不同样品的测定。根据所获得的微分脉冲极谱图,采用标准加入法测定制剂和生物液体样品中的这些药物。在浓度范围为5.4 × 10-8 ~ 4.0 × 10-5 M和2.8倍;10-8 ~ 1.4倍;10-5
时,峰值电流达到线性Introduction Fecundity of a fish can be defined as the number of eggs that are likely to be laid during one spawning period or the capacity of the fish in terms of egg production (Bagenal, 1968). It differs in different races of the same species. The measure of fecundity in fishes is a basic determinant of productivity and hence, contributes to fish culture and population dynamics. Important contributions to the study of fecundity in relation to the other parameters of body are made by Das &a...
Introduction The black buck (Antilope cervicapra), commonly called as Kala Hiran or Krishna Mrig in Hindi is a small gracious Indian antelope found all over India. The black buck is native to the Indian subcontinent. Essentially a species of open plains, it is found in a wide range of habitats from arid grasslands and scrublands to marshy coastal plains and open woodlands (Ranjitsinh, 1989). This species exhibits a high degree of sexual dimorphism; the male is larger than the female, is str...
这些物种表现出高度的性别二型性;雄鸟比雌鸟大,黑白相间,长着一对华丽的螺旋形犄角。雄性的黑色被雌性的不显眼的棕色所取代。这种攻击性行为全年都很常见。本研究记录了黑羚的繁殖行为。交配主要发生在3月和10月。小的是黄色的
Introduction Toxic and heavy metals are added in aquatic system from Industrial process, rise in population, domestic sewage discharge, street dust, land run off, fossil fuel burning. Traces of heavy metals such as Mn, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni have been identified as deletrious to aquatic ecosystem and human health. Heavy metals have a great affinity to attack Sulphur bonds; protin, carboxylic acid and amino group there by distrupting the cell metabolism. Heavy Metals ions precipitate the...
为了评价博帕尔上湖和下湖的水质。针对有毒金属污染,采用原子吸收分光光度法对10个以上的水样进行了采集和研究。结果与ISI和USPH规定的容许限度进行了比较。结果表明,水体中存在Mn、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cu等金属元素。造成这种污染的原因应该是浸没的塔齐亚斯和偶像,这是涂了
Introduction The soil of Andaman and Nicobar islands is affected by the halogen salts of alkali metals. The major content of the salt adsorbed on the land surface is leached out by heavy rainwater. Even though few contents of the salt remain adsorbed on the soil resulting the soil to be acidic. Few inorganic hetercyclics like tetrasulphurtetranitride (S4N4), thiotrithiazyl chloride (S4N3)+Cl- have been successfully tested in reclamation of alkaline (Sharma, 1986, 2000) as well as acidic (Shar...
Cyclohexa thiazium chloride (S6N4)2+Cl2-已在不同pH值3和amp;ndash;安达曼和尼科巴群岛4.5的酸性土壤。观察到pH 7.4在正常时间有明显的增加。< / p >
Introduction There is rising need for alternate and renewable sources of energy, especially in developing countries, whose progress and economic growth may strongly be indexed to its development. With the ever increasing growth in energy consumption and rapidly depleting fossil fuel reserves, it is feared the world will soon exhaust its fossil fuel reserves. The electrification level in rural areas in south East Asia is about 51%, compared to 90% in urban areas. (Shrestha RM, 2004) It is es...
Introduction The present study is aimed to evaluate the effect of domestic sewage on water quality by percolation. Geochemistry and topography of the study area is also playing an important role in the ground water occurrence. The increase in population coupled with unplanned urbanization and industrialization have resulted into damage and deterioration in groundwater quality. Any shift in the naturally dynamic equilibrium exiting among the environmental segments: hydrosphere, atmosphere, lit...
Introduction Indian Black Buck (Antilope cervicapra) Linn. is a state animal of Haryana and Punjab. Its presence indicates the health of an ecosystem as it is an important part of grazing food chain. Due to increased urbanization and ever increasing human population, there is found a great pressure on the population of black buck. It is protected in natural conditions in different deer parks in the states of Haryana and Punjab. The deer park of Mahendra Chaudhary Zoological park, Chhatbir...
Introduction Water is one of the materials required to sustain life. In India ponds, river water and ground water are used for domestic and agricultural purposes. Ground water is the major source of drinking water in both urban and rural areas. Ground water pollution is not due to natural factors but it has been caused by human actions. The quality of ground water may be described according to their physico chemical and micro biological characteristics. In recent years along with physico chem...
Introduction Hydroinformatics focus on applications of advanced information technologies and statistical tools for better understanding and management of the hydrological phenomenon. Hydrological phenomenons are cyclic and stochastic in nature. In hydroinformatics the river is considered as a water-based asset, with flows patterns largely as stochastic. River can be considered both as a generic object with properties pertaining to the flow behavior and as a particular object with its own un...
Introduction The industrial effluents may contain one or more of the contaminants like high suspended solids, oil, high dissolved solids, high residual chlorine and pH value outside the permitted range.1 There are many human-originated impacts that degrade the water and decrease its quality, with direct and indirect effects on the water courses. The industries are a source of punctual pollution with considerable impacts on the hydric resources, due to diversity in the composition of ...
Introduction Water is the most vital resource for all kinds of life on this planet, but it is being adversely affected both quantitively and qualitatively by all kinds of life human activities on Land, Air and Water. Today most of the rivers of world receive millions of litre sewage domestic waste and industrial effluents containing varying in characteristics from simple nutrients to highly toxic substances. Urban pollution increases rapidly by industrial developments. Industrializatio...
Introduction In India about 3.15 million ha water area fall under reservoirs and 47% of this i.e., 1.48 million ha is contributed by small reservoirs alone (Sugunan, 1997). There are many wetlands available in different parts of the country. The freshwater in these wetlands is amongst the most critical factors limiting urban growth, agriculture, fisheries development and other aquatic resources. Madhya Pradesh is the second largest geographic unit of the county with an area of 3, 08, 245 km...
Introduction In Nigeria, the oil industry is the most important sector of the economy. Unfortunately the incidence of recorded environmental pollution, due to high rate of petroleum-related activities have been associated with frequent oil spills, especially through oil well blowouts, tankers accidents, rupture of pipelines, and sabotage. These mishaps result in the release of Crude Oil and refined petroleum products into the terrestrial and aquatic environment (Wemedo, et. al., 2002).. Inc...
Introduction Wheat grain is one of the most important cereal crops in Bangladesh. The wheat yield in this country is low. There are several reasons that can explain the yield variation, which cover both biotic and abiotic factors. Among the biotic factors, unavailability of high yielding varieties,1 incidence of diseases and pests² and abiotic factors such as high temperature,3 moisture stress4 and nutrient deficiency5,6,7 are responsible for lower productivity of w...
Introduction With the global aspiration for the provision of potable water for the teeming population, management of water resources with respect to storage, presentation, acceptability and distribution should be of utmost important, this is the reason why the integrity of some major rivers that serves as tributaries to our major dams are kept as regards pollutants distribution. The advent of technological advancement and industrial revolution in many parts of the world, has resulted into c...
对尼日利亚西南部Ero河的水样和沉积物进行了一段干湿季节的重金属浓度分布研究。两季水样中均未检测到Ni、Cd、Co,而沉积物样品中检测到所有的金属。沉积物中重金属含量高于水样。平均来看,大部分重金属的浓度在枯季高于雨季。结合< / p >
Introduction Land degradation and overgrazing are nowadays two main fundamental threats in rangeland systems (Box 2002; Buss and Nuppenau 2002; Howery et al., 2000; Miller 2005; Walker and Hodgkinson 2000). Consequently, their current capability to produce edible forage for livestock is less than their potential1 (Azadi 2005; Umrani 1998). Globally, rangelands are at risk from numerous pressures (Mitchell et al., 1999) mainly arising from inappropriate rangeland management systems. The scie...
Introduction The use of petroleum samples as medicaments either due to poverty or ignorance is becoming a source of worry. Unfortunately, the elderly and children are mostly victims. Crude petroleum is usually given to some children when they convulse as anticonvulsant in rural areas of the country. This act is carried out in spite of the mounting evidence that petroleum samples are harmful (Ayalogu, et al., 2001,Igboh, et al., 2001 and Dede, et al., 2002). Incidentally, the liver is the...
Introduction Mine effluents disposal is a key threat to the environment in most mining areas of the world. In most cases the effluents are merely drained into some selected areas, and in worst cases it is drained into rivers or streams. Both ways the effluents cause negative effects on the environments, mainly because these effluents add heavy metals to the areas of effluents disposal. However, in some parts of the world efforts are being made to minimize this threat. Effluents are now used f...
Introduction The water problem in Yemen reached a critical level in many water basins; in Amran basin, where (348297) inhabitants live,¹ basically on agriculture (90% of the inhabitants), the annual amounts extracted annually are about 120 million cubic meter (MCM), 85-90% of it is used for agricultural purposes, and about 10-15% is used for other purposes, where the recharge didn’t exceed 40m³, which led to a decrease in the level of groundwater. On the...