Introduction Of the ninety species of Indian Cladocera reported so far, the aspects of the biology of six species have been investigated from this country (Michael and Sharma, 1982). All these studies are restricted to females. The biology of male Daphnia lumholtzi Sars. has been reported for the first time from India by Das et al., (1981). Afterwards Venkataraman and Krishnaswamy ((1984) reported the occurrence and description of male of Daphnia projecta from the Southern Tamilnadu. Likewise...

Introduction Now a days the accelerated pace of development rapid industrilisation and population density have increased the demand of water. Ground water a gift of nature is the major source of drinking water both urban and rural India. Besides it is an important source of water for the Agriculture and industrial sector. Today Human activities are constantly adding Industrial domestic and Agriculutral waste to ground water reservoirs at an alarming rate. The quality of water is a vital co...

Introduction Water is most essential to life next to air only. The two main sources of natural water are underground and surface water. Ground is essential for health, society and sustainable developments. The natural quality of groundwater tends to be degraded by human activities. Pollution is one of the major problems of the environment today almost every aspect of life poses healthy risks introduction of massive quantities of waste materials at any point in the biosphere may overload it ...

Introduction Ever increasing growth of industrialization causes gigantic problem of environmental pollution.The large volume of water consumed by Indian industries for various processes and the discharging of effluents done on to adjoining areas creates pollution. Industrial effluent is a complex liquid flowing out of the mill in enormous quantities. The quantities required represent the requirement of nearly 4000 per ton per day. These liquid effluents contain higher concentration of organ...

Introduction The paper mills generate large quantity of effluents as a consequence of pulping and bleaching processes. Most of the paper mills use non-wood (bamboo, baggage and straw etc.) Hard wood, (Casuarina, Eucalyptus etc.) and soft wood as fibrous raw material for paper manufacturing. The paper mills extract the cellulose fiber from the above raw materials in the pulping process. During this pulping process a large quantity of black liquor is generated. The main constituent of whic...

Introduction "Pollution by metal is a great sin a man is doing against nature” (Kudesia 1985). Heavy metal in Ganga river have been reported Mathur etal (1987), Saikia etal.(1988), Prasad etal(1989), Chaudhary and Dutta (1980), Singh etal (1992). Out of 118 elements 83 are metals (Atomic number is above 23, mass density more than 5) in which 17 may be toxic at different concentration. Toxic metals change the biological structure and system in the body and they effect on e...

Introduction The crucial role ground water plays as a decentralized source of drinking water for millions of rural and urban families can not be overstated. According to some estimates, it accounts for nearly 80% of the rural domestic water needs, and 50% of the urban water needs in India. Ground water is generally less suspectable to contamination and pollution when compared to surface water bodies. But in India, where ground water is used intensively for irrigation for agricultural purpos...

Introduction Taxonomically, soils of Madhya Pradesh are divided into four orders such as Inceptisols (27.65%), Entisols (12.97%), Vertisols (52.57%) and Mollisols (0.41%). This shows that soils of MP are rich vertisol type. The vertisol/black cotton soil is originated from lation word verto which means turn (Murthy et al., 1982). This order of mineral soils is characterized by high content of swelling type clays, which in dry seasons cause the soils to develop deep, wide cracks. The water h...

Introduction Sailu is considered to be the oldest and religious city in parbhani district of Marathwada region in Maharashtra, Sailu city is situated near Dudhana river. A Femous Temple of "Keshavraj Babasaheb Maharaj" is situated in middle of sailu city. Who was Guru of Shirdis Sai baba. The residents of Sailu tehsil usually use water form bore-well for drinking and domestic purposes.There is a huge variation in the concentration of dirrrent species due to factors like...

Introduction Total dissolved solids also called total filterable residue is a measure of the water C™s content of various dissolved materials. Water with no dissolved solids usually has a flat taste, whereas water with more than 500 mg/l TDS usually has a disagreeably strong taste. Depending on the chemical nature f the dissolved solids, reverse osmosis or lime soda softening may be used to reduce TDS content. Primary sources for TDS in receiving waters are agricultural runoff, leac...

Introduction Water, after air is the second most essential and vital component for the survival of all types of living beings. Water, like air and food is a basic human need without which no life can be sustained. The surface water resources catered for a long time a substantial amount of requirements for domestic, agricultural and industrial purposes. However, the growing population explosion, the rapid industrial growth and extensive cultivation of large areas have created a shortage of e...

Introduction Water resources are essential for existence and development of the global community. The Mineral components present in water are directly related to agricultural utilisation and its parameters value decides the suitability of water for agriculture purpose. To control the water quality for health &hygienic point of view the present study of Kaliyasot dam water has been done during 2006-07 The Kaliasot dam based on Kaliasot River that is a tributary of River Betwa. Kal...

Introduction Many of us treat water as a commodity, plentiful and relatively in expensive. But from global perspective, usable clean water is considered as a “scarce” resource. Contamination of ground water and economic development always contribute for the pollution of ground water. Therefore it is essential to have the protection and management of the ground water. Ramanathapuram is in the southeast part of Tamilnadu and it is one of the important pilgrim centres in sout...

Introduction Heavy metals are common pollutants found in various industrial effluents. The stricter environment regulation on the discharge of heavy metal it is necessary to develop various technologies for removal. Waste streams containing low to medium level of heavy metals are often encountered in metal plating facilities, electroplating, mining operation, fertilizer, battery, manufacture, dyestuffs, chemical pharmaceutical, electronic device manufactures and many others. Most of heavy m...

Introduction As in any country, the industrial growth in India has been currently boosted of to substantially enhance the economic growth. Without implementation of regulatory control measures for effluent quality. Industries in Chikalthana and waluj of Aurangabad industrial area gives off effluents rich in organic, inorganic1 contents as well as heavy metal have been found to result in toxic effect on near by environment .Heavy metal2 enter in human body by different path way and cause har...

Introduction Water is the most fundamental element for life, as survival is impossible without it. Mostly the ground water contains different kinds of chemical constituents. The kinds and amount of constituents depend upon the geo-chemical environment, movement and sources of water. The concentration of dissolved constituents in groundwater is comparatively higher than surface water. The quality of ground water depends on various chemical constituents and their concentration, which is mostl...

Introduction Aurangabad district of Maharashtra has four main industrial areas Chikalthana, Waluj, Shendra and Paithan. These area posses large numbers of industrial units. Due to rapid industrialization at Aurangabad, large quantity of industrial waste are generated which contains toxic pollutants1 deteriorates the quality of water. Industrial units specially chemical manufacturing whose untreated and partially treated effluents are discharged to different nallah, through small stream or gut...

Introduction Cholera has historically been occurred in periodic epidemic form limited to few developing and under developing countries, namely Bangladesh, India, countries in Africa and South America. V.cholerae is known to be an autochthonous inhabitant of brackish water and estuarine system. Among more than 200 serogroups of V.cholerae so far identified,1 only O1 and O139 have caused epidemic cholera.2-5 The other serogroups of V.cholerae collectively referred to as non-...

Introduction Bilaspur is the second largest city of state of Chhattisgarh. The population of the city is around 3 lacs and is located at 25°5'N latitude and 82°25' longitude.¹ The fast pace of industrial and other developmental activities and consequent rapid urban growth have low ever, invariably brought with them unplanned and haphazard human settlements and problem of water supply, sanitation as well as environmental degradation. An under...

Introduction Metal bearing wastewater may be of known and predictable composition if derived from a single industry, e.g. electroplating wastewaters.1 The approach by many governmental regulators is now to prevent further deterioration of the environment by intercepting toxic metals before they are discharged. It is recognized that new, hopefully more cost-effective, technologies are needed to replace those borrowed primarily from the unit operations of the chemical industry which ...

Introduction Sewage is a domestic waste enriched with nutrients and plays vital role in water pollution. Although, application of sewage were reported to be beneficial in increasing crop yield and reduce fertilizer requirement but leads to the accumulation of toxic metals in the soil and ultimately creates health problems.1 The sewage comprises organic, inorganic and biological components. The chemistry of sewage is influenced by the inputs of materials containing minerals, their s...

Introduction Ground water is considered to be safe when compared to surface water and accounts for maximum share of drinking water supply. Ground water is also an important source for agriculture and industry. It is less prone to contamination but normally having high mineral content, still an important water resource compared to surface water. However, excessive uses of chemicals and fertilizers have increases the risk of ground water contamination¹ that wound affect ecosystem.&...

Introduction Increasing industrial activities result in deterioration of quality of natural water. Surface water has its own water purification capacity but if ground water once contaminated it can not restore itself again as natural water. The problems of groundwater quality are more acute in the areas, which are densely populated, thickly industrialized and have shallow ground water table. The rapid growth of urbanization further affected the ground water quality due to over exploitation ...

Introduction Water, as ubiquitous on earth as is imperative for life, seems to be loosing its ages old natural purity. Even though water is abundant, the amount of potable fresh water available is a tiny fraction of the total amount of water in the world. Rivers are the most important water resource. Unfortunately, the worldwide rivers are being polluted by indiscriminate disposable of sewage, industrial waste and plethora of human activities, which affects its physico-chemical characterist...

Introduction Atmospheric activities have dramatically raised the atmospheric concentration of pollutants and trace elements in many parts of the world. Although some developed countries such as USA have witnessed some control, atmospheric emissions of pollutants and trace elements are continue to rise in many developing countries including India. Verma (1989) reported 190.0, 120.0, 50.0, 140.0 and 142.0 mg of Ni, Zn, Cu, Cr, and Mn per Kg of atmospheric particulates in the vicinity of an inte...

Introduction The tremendous increase in the use of heavy metals over the past few decades has inevitably resulted in an increased influex of metallic substances in aquatic environment (Harrison and Laxen 1980). Heavy metal pollution in the aquatic environment is a major health problem. This is because metals are toxic and non-biodegradable (Corapciogie and Hana 1987). Despite the toxicological effects of Cadium, it has a wide range of uses. The most significant use of cadmium is in the Ni-Cd ...

Introduction Heavy metals are nowadays among the most important pollutants in source and treated water, some of these are cumulative poisons capable of being assimilated, stored and concentrated by organisms that are exposed to low concentration of these substances for long periods or repeatedly for short periods.¹ Heavy metal removal from aqueous solutions has been commonly carried out by several processes: chemical precipitation, solvent extraction, ion-exchange, reverse o...

Introduction Pregnancy is a complex nutritional exercise that involves the arrangement and transport of nutrient materials for foetal metabolism and the provision of good internal environmental conditions suitable for foetal growth. One of the basic nutrients required for foetal nourishment is glucose, and the control of glucose intake by pregnant women has been reported to influence birth weight.¹ Transplacental glucose transport is a facilitated process and in humans, it is me...

Introduction As a result of the high cost of inorganic fertilizers, small-scale farmers now apply animal manures, sewage sludge and municipal waste to improve soil fertility. Amendment of agricultural soil with domestic refuse and animal manure provides a cheap means of enriching the soil with plant nutrients and organic matter. However, this may lead to elevated levels of heavy metals in soils and possible risk of eutrophication. Though some of these heavy metals are useful to plants and a...

Introduction Animal raising on rangelands is the main agricultural activity in highlands of Turkey due to short, cool summer and extreme winter conditions which restrict the growth of many crops. In semi-nomadic animal raising areas, animal owners keep their animals near winter settlements from autumn to following summer and take their animals to uplands for temporary settlement during summer months. The rangelands around permanent settlement areas suffer from early, late season and heavy gra...

Introduction Jordan is considering among the poorest ten countries in water resources (Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), 2006). Thus the purification and re-utilization of waste and industrial water has been given maximum attention. Phosphate mine industry in Jordan usually produces a large amount of effluent water from ore upgrading process. Beside the need for this amount of water; it is considered one of the environmental pollution sources because it contains sev...