Introduction There is a trade-off between economic development and environmental protection. It depends on how well this trade-off between these two drivers is managed which becomes critical for any country aspiring for high growth to meet its development objectives. A well-executed Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for projects helps in proactively addressing the environment protection aspect during the project life cycle, which very much depends on the site selection, construction and o...

Dear Readers The present issue of the Current World Environment is presented before you. I thank the authors, reviewers and the journal secretariat for timely publishing the issue. This issue includes research papers from diversified subareas of environment as given in the table of content. This time we have included `Editorial Contributions’ from our Editorial Board members. The theme of the Editorial of this issue is Reactive Nitrogen as detailed below- The food and energy dema...

Introduction Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) are known as injuries and disorders that affect the human body’s movement or musculoskeletal system. It includes some body parts such as muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, discs, blood vessels, etc. On the other hand, Work Related-Musculoskeletal Disorder (WRMSDs) have been caused by the continuous and long-term high repetitive task, sudden exposure to lifting or carrying of heavy loads, excessive force, working in an awkward body post...

Introduction Heavy metals, due to their inherent toxicity and the ability to accumulate in living tissues, are often hazardous to organisms and environment.1 They can cause many problems for the health of humans and animals as well as the environment.2,3 Cobalt (Co2+) ion is an essential element for metabolic activities in low concentrations and may also be effective in regulating pro-oxidants in the blood4-6; however, in high concentrations, it causes acute effects of lung toxicity and asth...

Introduction Strategic groundwater (GW) management is the continuous planning, monitoring, analysis and assessment of all that is necessary to make the best use of ground water in a sustainable way. Globally, 50% of present drinkable water, 40% of the industrial water demand, and 20% of the irrigation water have been supplied by groundwater (UNESCO, 20031 and Molden, 20072). Rice is covered on 75% of the total cultivated land and is main staple crop in the country, comprising 90% of the total...

Introduction A major or severe accident in a nuclear power plant is a highly feared event due to its alarming consequences. Contamination of environment by radioactive elements is, perhaps, of more concern rather than on-spot casualties because of the long-term consequences associated with it. The memories of nuclear accidents such as Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, Fukushima Daiichi, etc. are still fresh to thousands of people living all over the world. Three Mile Island accident in 1979 was t...

Introduction Nepal, being a mountainous country, possesses diverse climatic zones ranging from subtropical to alpine climates supporting diverse types of rivers for huge biodiversity. Many headwater streams and rivers are still intact from urban development. However, recent water resourcedevelopment such as water diversion and operation of hydropower dam and irrigation channels along with extraction of river-bed materials have deteriorated morphology and hydrology of rivers and streams and th...

Introduction Estimation of runoff due to rainfall in an ungauged catchment is always an important issue for the researchers. A number of models have been developed to establish rainfall-runoff relationship in ungauged catchments. The Geomorphologic Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (GIUH) theory was introduced by Rodriguez-Iturbe et al.,1,2 by relating the peak discharge and time to peak discharge with the geomorphologic characteristics of the catchment and a dynamic velocity parameter. The tw...

Introduction Civil construction has its origins in artisanal works that have been progressing through the ages, therefore, the generation of waste in construction is considered normal by workers in the area, but all agree that there is a need to reduce the volumes of these wastes at the construction sites. This reduction in waste volumes is an urgent need for companies to "rethink progress", often choosing to invest in "eco-projects", which aim to minimize ...

Introduction Road projects are meant to enhance the economic and societal well being of people. Better conditions of roads can minimize travel time and lower the costs of transport and improve earning and ultimately the living standard. This two-way interaction gives benefits to consumer and also such accessibility creates more and more demand for further development. Transportation has become crucial in development and economy of the country and is an important part of our daily lives.1 Tran...

Introduction Microplastic pollution has a global distribution. Microplastics were listed as one of the ten emerging issues in the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).1 Microplastics are plastic particles less than 5 mm in length.2Their small size can make it easy for organisms to digest them.3 Microplastics in the air will be inhaled and subsequently enter the airway.4 Thus, organisms are also potentially exposed to related toxic chemicals, such as organic pollutants, heavy metals and...

Introduction Quantitative estimation of the temporal distribution of rainfall and temperature for an area is important to different purposes such as hydrological modelling, hydraulic structures modelling, flood forecasting, surface water modelling, groundwater modelling, agriculture modelling, crop scheduling, evaporation modelling etc. High temperature can cause worsen drought in an area and also a reason for forest fires. High temperatures are also responsible for reducing yields in the fie...

Introduction The basic purpose of packaging is to provide protection from the environmental condition by maintaining the quality of food items from the manufacturing industry to normal consumers. The most important physical property in flexible packaging materials is water vapour and oxygen gas transfer rate.1 The transfer rate depends on the type of the plastic, gas molecules quantity, the interacting time between gas and plastic.2 Therefore special barrier packaging materials are on the hig...