Introduction Agriculture is the most important sector of Indian economy contributing about 18 percent to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). India has about 61% net irrigated agricultural area playing a vital role in food security of the country.12, 46 Groundwater is one of the most used water sources for irrigation. Introduction of contemporary drilling techniques, electrical controlled pumping systems, nominal cost of electricity and groundwater legislation rules are not fully promis...

Introduction Dominican Republic has a tropical climate, with a high climatic variety, presenting a range of rainfall ranging from 700 to 2400 mm per year and temperatures around 25ºC and 30ºC depending on the region of the country.1 Thus, the geographical distribution of water availability puts at risk some populations (for example: Montecristi, Dajabón, San Juan and Elías Piña) with respect to their present and future demand due to the effec...

Introduction Climate is the composite of all the day-to-day weather conditions in a region over a considerable time. This time period should ideally be long enough to establish relevant statistical information necessary to describe the variations in a region.1 Climate may be thought of as an average of weather conditions over a period of time including the probability for distributions from this average.2,3 Climate is determined by three key factors the amount of energy the ...

Introduction Recently, concern about air pollution and its effects has increased in the society.1 Therefore, a number of studies have been reported to characterize atmospheric aerosols, especially in urban areas.2-4 Delhi stands out at the second position in the list of most polluted megacities of the world with regard to the particulate pollution.5 Factors contributing to the high levels of pollutants are chiefly because of developmental activities and the large po...

Introduction In the last few decades, increased level of carbon dioxide and radiative trace gases in the atmosphere has been observed which induce the climate change and greenhouse warming to the world.1 The global average surface temperature has increased significantly in last 100 years. The projection of many studies has confirmed that in next 100 years the earth will experience with high surface temperature.2 In the present scenario, various environmental components such ...

Introduction Undeniably, all water resources be it a surface water source or groundwater, originates from rainfall and constitute the main sources of water for domestic, industrial and agricultural usage. Water scarcity and pollution problems have generated public discussions and concerns by both policy makers and researchers. This has led to several studies on the quality of groundwater and surface water in Ghana using conventional methods.1 Projections from United Nations, 2014, re...

Introduction Microbiological contamination of aquatic ecosystem is a major issue worldwide. Human and animal fecal material is generally considered as greater risk to human health, as it is more likely to contain human enteric pathogens. These pathogens may sometimes pose serious health-hazards to the environment and human population through water and sediment.1, 2 Padma is one of the largest and important rivers in Bangladesh, which flows adjacent to Rajshah city. Therefore, a huge amount...

Introduction Due to industrialization and urbanization, air pollution has turn out to be a serious problem. Now a day’s particulate matter is the big concern due to their undesirable impact on plant and animal.1 The recognition and classification of plants into tolerant and sensitive groups is essential because the sensitive plants can use as an indicator and the tolerant as a sink for the pollutants in city and developed habitats.2 Plants have a very close relationship with nature ...

Introduction Various programmes for creating the awareness about the harmful effect of UV radiation are being organised in different parts of the world by various environmental and health organisations. Besides tanning, various skin problems and even skin cancer are being diagnosed due to UV radiation. It has been estimated by WHO that up to sixty thousand deaths a year are caused by too much exposure to sun rays.1 The United Nations Environmental Protection Agency has also been esti...

Introduction Water is unquestionably the most precious natural resource on earth. In global perspective, only 3% of the liquid resource is fresh water and other 97% water is oceanic which is saline in nature, although water covers nearly 71% of the Earth’s surface. In Palestine under review of water resource, recycled wastewater as the primary water source for future irrigation demand.11 Wastewater is often a match as irrigation resource where other water sources are inadeq...

Introduction The rich and varied ecosystem providing most of the goods and services to the man kind is none other than the tropical forest. These are the most important ecosystem in the nature, on the planet earth. They provide rich varied resources to the world, upon which human society has continue of to thrive from the time immemorial and are considered as the most complex and species rich ecosystem of the world.1,2 These forests spread across a wide range of eco climatic conditions along ...

Introduction The Himalayan chain of mountains extending from west to east for about 2500 km and the width varying between 150 to 450 km, is known to be the youngest, largest and highest chain of mountain in the world.1 High diverse compositional pattern of the forests is characteristic of this region.1 The Central Himalayan forests are covered by oak, pine and their associated species. In Indian Himalayan region, most of the temperate forests are occupied by Oak species. Oak...

Introduction As one of the most widely recognized group of arthropods, spiders make up a diverse portion of the world’s invertebrates.1 They are distributed on every continent except Antarctica and have adapted to all known ecological environments except air and open sea.2 Spiders globally include about 47,099 described species in 4,073 genera and 113 families.3 They are unique among all organisms in their modes of silk production and usage and of reproduc...

Introduction Indo-Gangetic alluvial plains encompass thick piles of sediments characterized by regionally extensive and highly productive multi-aquifer system. Extensive groundwater withdrawal over a depth up to few hundred meters constituting the top 2-3 aquifers, mainly for irrigation means, is taking place all across this multi-aquifer system. The groundwater authority of Government of India is constantly monitoring the situation of dynamic state of these aquifers and periodically releasin...

Introduction Carbon dioxide gas (CO2) available in earth’s atmosphere is about 0.04%. In change in amount of CO2 creates adverse effect on environment. CO2 emission occurs due to combustion of fossil fuels, cement production and deforestation which causes global warming. The cement production contributes large amount of global CO2 emission generated from calcinations of lime stone and combustion of fuels in a kiln. In order to control carbon dioxide emissi...