Introduction Through history, quality and quantity of water that was at human disposal, was adecisive factor for determining their welfare. At one time, clean fresh water supplies were considered inexhaustible. Only recently have we begun to understand that we will probably exhaust our usable water supplies and this can be directly attributed to human abuse in the form of pollution. Industrial activity alters the natural flow of materials and introduces novel chemicals into the environment wh...

Introduction Water supply systems face challenges in the fields of socio-economics, sustainability and resilience, including overuse due to population growth, underestimation of the value of water, lack of coordination among actors, operational issues (ageing, leakages, quality), increasing energy prices and the need to respond to climate change issues. These are, among others, aspects that water utility companies have respond by adapting their infrastructure and working procedures as well as...

Introduction Forecasting of daily, monthly or longer time interval stream flow is most important for the reliable operation of a water resources system. Reliable Stream flow forecast can allocate water efficiently for competing water users like hydropower generation, agricultural and domestic for maintenance of environmental flows. Various studies have been performed for impacts assessment of climate change on hydropower projects.1,2 The possible impact can be categorized into three ...

Introduction Methane (CH4) atmospheric concentration has significantly rises due anthropogenic activity. Graedel and McRae1 presented first evidence that atmospheric concentration of CH4 is increasing. In agriculture submerged rice (Oryza sativa L.) soils are the major source of CH4 emission to atmosphere. Rice is second most consumed cereal in world after corn and out of total rice 90% is cultivated in Asia under irrigated conditions. Under continues standing water soil redox potent...

Introduction Wetlands are the most productive ecosystem of the world comparable to coral reefs and rainforests.1 However, human activities like leaching of noxious liquids from solid waste deposits or untreated waste discharge reach a climax which has undesirable effects on aquatic environment.2 In addition, aquatic ecosystems are severely affected by anthropogenic activities. The use of various ecological methods is important to know the health status of an aquatic ecosyste...

Introduction Cyanobacteria, or also known as blue-green algae are prokaryotes with unique characteristics. Unlike most prokaryotes, cyanobacteria consist of chlorophyll that enables them to obtain their nutrient mainly through photosynthetic action. Photosynthesis of the bacteria is important to provide atmospheric oxygen for other organism usage. Cyanobacteria are also important as a potential resource for renewable energy and natural products.1 However, excessive growth of cyanobac...

Introduction Marine fishers use different type of crafts (boats) and gears (nets) for harvesting fish and its efficiency is significantly important for better income. Hook and line is a traditional gear which habitually operating in the motorized and mechanized vessels due to nature of the gear such as simple for construction, easy to operate and selective in nature.4 In the recent years, the practices of hook and line are fascinating amid fishers; it excels in capturing high market ...

Introduction Indonesia is one of the oil producers and consumer’s country. In 2014, Indonesia's oil production reached 289.878 million barrels.1 Indonesia's oil wells spread in several areas, both on land and sea. In the Province of South Sumatra, one of the regions that have oil wells is Prabumulih Municipality. In this city, oil drilling activity has begun in the 1950s by Pertamina, a state-owned Indonesian government, until today. In 2016, crude oil produ...

Introduction The present status of fresh water prawn production has been the interest of research and commercial enterprise in United States. The primary production techniques were well developed in the late 1950s in Malasiya, Israil and Hawai in last four decades.1 In India (1985) the prawn culture is developed as an industry, and many experimental programs were developed to make the prawn culture as a alternative to fish culture. At this time prawn culture is completely develope...

Introduction Labour tends to be divided along gender lines with men almost exclusively going out to sea to catch the fish and women doing the majority of on-land seafood processing. A considerable proportion of the workforce is seasonal. The degree of exposure to seafood is likely to be highest during the harvest season, which varies according to the seafood type, when most of the processing occurs. Occupational allergic reaction to seafood was first reported by De Besche, when he described a...

Introduction Trees play a vital role in mitigating the diverse effects of environmental carbon degradation and on reducing global warming. Trees promote sequestration of carbon into soil and plant biomass. Therefore, tree based land use practices could be viable alternatives to store atmospheric carbon dioxide due to their cost effectiveness, high potential of carbon uptake and associated environmental as well as social benefits.1 But due to large scale deforestation of natural veget...

Introduction Natural resource management (NRM) has been considered as one of the important social-cultural practices of the local community since time immemorial. It has been practiced worldwide for meeting the social, cultural and economic needs. The eastern Himalaya is world widely renowned as a biodiversity hotspot.1 The traditional knowledge system (TKS) of local people is unique and  is used for managing the valuable natural resources.2,3 However, resource util...

Introduction Uttarakhand, a Himalayan state of India, is known for its biodiversity as well as rich heritage of wild edible plants. Uttarakhand has a total area of 53,483 km2 of which 86% is mountainous and 65% is covered by forest.1 Forests play a very important role in the life of tribal as well as communities as they provide significant ecosystem services in the form of food, fodder, fruits, timber and medicine,2,3,4,5,6,7 etc. Wild edible plants are the major source o...

Introduction Third world countries suffer from water, food, and health problems which are further aggravated by natural calamities.1 Coming to India, the subcontinent is extremely susceptible to major natural calamities viz., earthquakes, tsunamis, cyclones, floods, droughts, avalanches, storms, landslides, unseasonal torrential rains, hailstorm, lightning and bushfires. In 2015, 19.2 million people displacements by natural calamities worldwide in 113 countries but India bore the bru...

Introduction Himalaya is known as an abode of wild edible plants. Myrica esculenta Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don is sub temperate evergreen tree found throughout the mid-Himalaya, starting from about 1,300 m altitude and going up to about 2,100 m. M. esculenta belongs to family Myricaceae. Vernacular name of Myrica is Kaphal. M. esculenta is evergreen tree found in pine zone and lowest part of oak zone. In the Western Himalaya, the species occurs mainly in Pinus roxburghii forest, Quercus leu...

Introduction All around the world, water scarcity is an increasing problem and it is interlinked with water contamination and pollution. As per WHO estimates, the average water use for a person is about 280 litres per day.19 After usage, the water is returned to environment as “wastewater”. This domestic wastewater from its origin to treatment system on its way blended with some of the industrial wastes, pharmacy wastes and also agricultural runoff and termed as &...

Introduction The microorganism enters in to the digestive system of fish through food and environment and certainly not all bacteria in food which gain entry in the digestive tract of fishes establish themselves there.1 They play an important role in the formation of microbes in the digestive tract of fishes.2 The digestive tract of fish is rich in nutrient that provides favorable conditions for the growth of majority of bacteria that involved in the digestive process, growth and dis...

Introduction Flood, a natural disaster is responsible for loss of life and property world over. Floods damage property and endanger the lives of humans and animals and also affect the environment and aquatic life negatively. Floods have been occurring repeatedly in India. Approximately 40 million ha area (12%) in India has been identified as flood prone.18 For mitigating the flood disasters, various structural and non-structural measures are adopted. Structural measures include prote...

Introduction Pangasius was introduced in India during 1995-96 from Thailand through Bangladesh. Sturdy nature and its compatibility to polyculture made this fish popular for aquaculture. The Pangasius, has emerged as one of the major candidate species in freshwater aquaculture system of Andhra Pradesh. Andhra Pradesh is also the largest farmed– fish producing state in the country. Fish farmers of Andhra Pradesh have initiated the pond farming of Pangasius since the year 2004, with a...

Introduction It is apparent that development of either of land and water resources affects the quantity and quality of the other as surface water and groundwater interactions take many forms and can cause changes in quality of each other. Thus, effective land and water management requires a clear understanding of the linkages between groundwater and surface water and isotopes can be potential tool for this. The composition of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in water bodies vary in time and space...

Introduction Increasing demand of good quality water across all sectors has put an enormous pressure on groundwater an ubiquitous source of high-quality fresh water1 which has resulted in its continuous depletion and quality deterioration in Indo-gangetic plains.2-15 Indo-gangetic basin is one of the major aquifer systems of the World1 and southern component of Haridwar district in Uttarakhand forms the part of alluvial Indo-Gangetic plains. Upper Ganga Canal passing through the dist...

Introduction Groundwater is the sole dependable source of consumption for drinking water, agriculture, and industry in dry and semi-dry regions. Evidently, quantity and quality of water resources during the next year is important in water resource management. Since 1950, Groundwater simulation has been used vastly for a better management of groundwater resources. Therefore, many researchers have tried to find more accurate models, considering the actual conditions. These models require plenty...

Introduction The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty, which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). India is listed in Non-Annexure I parties without binding target. In recognition of the growing problem of Climate Change, India declared a voluntary goal of reducing the emissions intensity of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by 20–25%, over 2005 levels, by 2020, despite having no binding miti...

Introduction Bangladesh faces lots of environmental as well as economic constraints, so it is urgent to formulate least expensive and simple methodologies for immediate benefit. Different technologically simple methods are available but Mycorrhizal technology can be one of the most impressive alternatives to improve environmental quality, forest products and farm profitability in different production systems in Bangladesh.1 Mycorrhizal fungi increase absorption of water and transportation ...

Introduction The hydrological behaviour of a watershed assess on the basis of availability of water, vegetation and status of soil in relation to productivity. Accurate rainfall-runoff relationship predictions mostly depend on the availability of accurate data of rainfall and runoff. The several hydrologic models were adopted for prediction of runoff and sediment yield which cover from black-box neural network model to highly conceptualised physical based mathematical models (Porporato and Ri...

Introduction Being one among the global biodiversity hotspots, the Western Ghats harbors a diverse of habitats that support unique sets of flora and fauna.  Myristica swamps are such a unique wetland ecosystem found in this region. These swamps, as their name indicates are characterised by the dominance of the members of family Myristicaceae represented with species like Gymnacranthera canarica, Myristica fatua, Myristica dactyloides, Myristica malabarica and Knema attenuata. Located...

Introduction Since agriculture is the dominant sector of the economy of Bangladesh, climate change concerned a serious issue. This sector contributes roughly 20 percent to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), where crops representing 11.2 % , livestock 2.7  % , fisheries 4.5  %, and forestry 1.8  %.1-2 Furthermore, this sector provided about 50  %  employment of the labor force during 2001 to 2010.1 Because of dependency on rain-fed, pov...