Introduction Water is one of the most important commodities which man has exploited than any other resources for the sustenance of his life. Most of our demands for water is fulfilled by rainwater which gets deposited in surface and ground water resources. Though, water is continuously purified by evaporation and precipitations, pollution of water has emerged as one of the most significant environmental problems of recent times. The cause of such a situation is many but the quality of water...

Introduction Lead (Plumbum) Pb-82, a bluish-grey metal, mp 3270 C. It is so soft and can be cut easily with a knife. When heated with air or oxygen it forms litharge and red lead. With water it forms slightly soluble lead hydroxide which is poisonous in nature. Several brands of shampoos contain lead sulphide to give hair a dark hue. Worley etal (1968) reported 88% PbS in mascara, face powder, pastes and liquids also contain 65% lead, paints, welding stainless steal, glass, fabr...

Introduction Chemicals are used increasingly in domestic and non-technical environments, where their safe handing is no longer solely the concern of qualified chemists. For instance, consider the use of domestic cleaners, solvents and detergents, weed killers and pesticides and proprietary medicines. There are a no. of chemicals in the environment, some of these are toxic and rest are non-toxic. The toxic chemicals are discharged by industries into air, water and soil. They get into the hum...

Introduction The knowledge of plankton, available in an ecosystem, is of fundamental importance. Phytoplankton are the chlorophyll bearing suspended microscopic organisms consisting of algae with representatives from all major taxonomic phyla; majority of the members belong to chlorophyceae, cyanophyceae and bacillario-phyceae. The quality and quantity of phytoplankton and their seasonal succession patterns have been utilized to assess the quality of water. Phytoplankton encountered in a wa...

Introduction Monocrotophos is a broadspectrum organophosphorus insecticide used against a wide range of insect pests of a variety of crops. It is one of the highly toxic agricultural chemicals with wide variation in toxicity between different species of fishes (Janardhan et al., 1986). The widespread use of monocrotophos results in extensive aquatic contamination by its application intentionally for control of insects and unintentionally by drift of aerial spray, watershed drainage or accid...

Introduction Water is essential for all living for their existence. Water is needed not only for domestic use but also for the growing needs of any nation for its better agricultural growth. On the surface of the earth, the largest available sources of fresh water are lakes, streams and groundwater. In India, specially in Madhya Pradesh the farmers mostly depend on rainwater and surface water for irrigational purpose. In M.P. lower alluvial plains of Narmada Valley is the most important among...

Introduction Vindhyachal is the holy place of Hindus due to the temple of the Goddess Vindhyachal and it is situated at the bank of river Ganga at a distance of about 5-6 km. Form Mirzapur city. Ganga is one of the important components of the water resources at Mirzapur district. Water of river Ganga is used for domestic, agricultural and residential purpose. But unfortunately it is being polluted through a number of polluting sources such as sewage, carpet industries, metal industries, met...

Introduction Upper lake is naturally situated in the Bhopal, the capital city of Madhya Pradesh (India). Catchment area of Upper Lake is 31 sq.km. Fresh water is one of the most important and basic natural resources. The quality of any water body and suitability for drinking purpose can be assessed with the help of various water parameters. The concentration of these parameters are well explains the quality of water and the pollution level. The effect of heavy metal in aquatic system de...

Introduction SO2 and its derivatives produce strong irritation on the eyes and nasal passage ways. It causes intense irritation even at 2.5 ppm levels to the eyes and respiratory tract.1-3 It is absorbed by the nasal system leading to swelling and stimulated mucus secretion and it causes lung cancer.4-6 The accumulation of transport vehicles such as automobiles at the signal points on the main arteries of the city and the consequent emission of exhaust of considerable quantity is e...

Introduction Water plays a vital role in living organisms in river water. The discharge of pollutants in river water is beyond limit and more than the self-purification capacity of river. Almost all rivers in India are affected due to pollution and reached a crisis point, and Godavari is not escaped from it. Origin of Godavari river is Bramhagiri at Trimbakeshwar in Nashik District of Maharashtra and the river flows through the central part or the Naded District from west to east further of...

Introduction Through various method viz. chemical oxidation, Froth flotation and coagulation have been employed for colour removal, adsorption offers the best for removal of wide ranging pollutants such as dissolved solids, heavy metals and organic dyes, Activated carbons was widely used as an adsorbent, though it is quite expensive which resuscitates to explore low cost adsorbents. The aim of this paper is to use cheaper adsorbent i.e. china clay to its high efficiency, easy handling and les...

Introduction Water is the basic necessity of life, not only for human beings, but also for plants and animals. Scientists estimate that water covers nearly three fourth of earth’s surface in the form of oceans, rivers, lakes, snow, glaciers and ground water. Though this seems an inordinately huge amount; in actual fact, less than one percent is fresh and usable found in lakes, ponds, rivers and ground water. There are some ways in which bodies of water get polluted; discharge of u...

Introduction Water, next to air is a vital natural resource responsible for the existence and development of life on the earth, even though our country is one of the wettest country of the world and has substantial fresh water resource, there is a chronic shortage of safe water specially in some of major towns where urbanization has taken place. The shortage varies from mild to acute depending upon the geographical, topographical, climate, hydrogeological and other factors. The area chosen ...

Introduction Heavy metals are integral components of drinking water and have an important role in ascertaining the quality of drinking water for the drinking purpose. The amounts of the heavy metals should be adequately and as per the guidelines values provided by World Health Organization. Among the heavy metals Iron is an essential element.1,2 It is contained in a number of biologically significant proteins, for example, hemoglobin and cytochromes, and also in many oxidation-r...

Introduction Ground water is still the most preferred water source in the third world countries. Once believed to be safe from contamination as it resides many strata below the surface, has now been proved to be prone to pollution by several researches across the world. The contamination of groundwater may be due to improper disposal of domestic and industrial wastewaters. In urban centers the ground water is exposed to more threat than in rural areas. The main source of drinking water arou...

Introduction Groundwater serves as a major resource for drinking,irrigation and industrial use .It is generally considered to be cleaner than surface water.However, several factors like discharge of industrial,agricultural and domestic wastes,land use practices,geological formations,rainfall patterns and infiltration rate affect the quality of ground water in an area and once contamination of groundwater aquifers occurs,it persists for hundreds of years because of very slow movement of wate...

Introduction Petroleum Compounds are considered among the most serious environmental threats to human health. Laboratory personnel that deal with cutback asphalt in asphalt paving operations are exposed to a wide range of potentially harmful hazardous substances. Their exposure is caused by either or both inhalation and dermal contact (Burstyn et al., 2000; Reink et al., 2000). These vapours and fumes produced from Bitumen samples, consist essentially of Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and...

Introduction The continually increasing demand for water for beneficial purposes has forced man to assess and examine water reuse technologies more seriously than ever. Regardless of origin, industrial wastewater, after proper treatment, represents another ample and reusable water source. Water pollution due to toxic heavy metals has been a major cause of concern to scientists and engineers. Several mishaps due to heavy metal contamination in aquatic environment increased the awareness a...

Introduction Iron is the most used of all the metals in several fields of industry. Iron and similar metals can be exposed to corrosion in connection with environmental conditions. The corrosion rate varies subject to structure of ions and molecules, kind of ion, concentration of ion, kind of solution and kind of materials.1,2 Especially in environments containing Cl- ions, corrosion of metals is unavoidable, as Cl- ion is an active one, it forces oxide formation on metal surface. Th...

Introduction Many heavy metals such as lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Nickel (Ni) and Copper (Cu) occur in nature in ore deposits.1,2 These metals are released through leaching and weathering into the aquatic environment. Thus, areas characterized by metal bearing formation are expected to have elevated levels of metals in water and sediment. If mining operations are carried out in such areas, discharges and fallout from the industry would lead to further pollution....